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- Title
- A proteolytic fragment of Mcl-1 exhibits nuclear localization and regulates cell growth by interaction with Cdk1
- Author(s)
- Sarwat Jamil (author), Rafat Sobouti (author), Payman Hojabrpour (author), Meera Raj (author), Juergen Kast (author), Vincent Duronio (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- Mcl-1 (myeloid cell leukaemia-1) is a Bcl-2 family member with short-term pro-survival functions but whose other functions, demonstrated by embryonic lethality of knockout mice, do not involve apoptosis. In the present study, we show a cell-cycle-regulatory role of Mcl-1 involving a shortened form of the Mcl-1 polypeptide, primarily localized to the nucleus, which we call snMcl-1. snMcl-1 interacts with the cell-cycle-regulatory protein Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1; also known as cdc2) in the nucleus, and Cdk1 bound to snMcl-1 was found to have a lower kinase activity. The interaction with Cdk1 occurs in the absence of its cyclin partners and is enhanced on treatment of cells with G2/M blocking agents, but not by G1/S blocking. The snMcl-1 polypeptide is present during S and G2 phases and is negligible in G1. Overexpression of human Mcl-1 in a murine myeloid progenitor cell line resulted in a lower rate of proliferation. Furthermore, Mcl-1-overexpressing cells had lower total Cdk1 kinase activity compared with parental cells, in both anti-Cdk1 and anti-cyclin B1 immunoprecipitates. The latter results suggest that binding to snMcl-1 alters the ability of Cdk1 to bind its conventional partner, cyclin B1. Given the important role of Cdk1 in progression through G2 and M phases, it is probable that the inhibition of Cdk1 activity accounts for the inhibitory effect of Mcl-1 on cell growth.
- Department
- Biology
- Title
- On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes
- Author(s)
- James T. Harper (author), Esmé Waanders (author), Patrick J. Keeling (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- A global phylogeny of major eukaryotic lineages is a significant and ongoing challenge to molecular phylogenetics. Currently, there are five hypothesized major lineages or 'supergroups' of eukaryotes. One of these, the chromalveolates, represents a large fraction of protist and algal diversity. The chromalveolate hypothesis was originally based on similarities between the photosynthetic organelles (plastids) found in many of its members and has been supported by analyses of plastid-related genes. However, since plastids can move between eukaryotic lineages, it is important to provide additional support from data generated from the nuclear-cytosolic host lineage. Genes coding for six different cytosolic proteins from a variety of chromalveolates (yielding 68 new gene sequences) have been characterized so that multiple gene analyses, including all six major lineages of chromalveolates, could be compared and concatenated with data representing all five hypothesized supergroups. Overall support for much of the phylogenies is decreased over previous analyses that concatenated fewer genes for fewer taxa. Nevertheless, four of the six chromalveolate lineages (apicomplexans, ciliates, dinoflagellates and heterokonts) consistently form a monophyletic assemblage, whereas the remaining two (cryptomonads and haptophytes) form a weakly supported group. Whereas these results are consistent with the monophyly of chromalveolates inferred from plastid data, testing this hypothesis is going to require a substantial increase in data from a wide variety of organisms.
- Department
- Biology
- Title
- The future of university and organizational learning
- Author(s)
- Colla J. MacDonald (author), Emma J. Stodel (author), Laura G. Farres (author), Caroline Howard (editor), Judith V. Boettcher (editor), Lorraine Justice (editor), Karen D. Schenk (editor), Patricia L. Rogers (editor), Gary A. Berg (editor)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The chapter, "The future of university and organizational learning" was written by the listed authors including Laura G. Farres (Douglas College Faculty). In this chapter, the authors examine some of the issues surrounding the use of technology and how it may impact the future of university teaching and organizational training. They conclude that educators need to become proactive in the development and use of technology in the teaching process. To this end, and in an effort to address the concerns of learners and educators in the climate of online learning, we developed a framework - the Demand Driven Learning Model (DDLM) (MacDonald, Stodel, Farres, Breithaupt, & Gabriel, 2001). This framework is a timely response to rapid technological advances that may affect education and provides both support and guidance for educators in an effort to ensure the most serious challenges of e-learning are anticipated and met in practice. The development of a successful and comprehensive model provides a foundation for the design of future online courses and programs and will ultimately set the quality standard for e-learning.
- Department
- Sport Science
- Title
- Development as a background
- Author(s)
- Esayas B. Geleta (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The gap in per capita income between the north and the south counties of the world, taken as two groups together, is diverging rather than converging (IMF, 2004). This economic measure could inform as the fact that there has been an increase rather than decrease in the global inequality. This could lead us to question; what causes such inequality? When did it start happening? Why it is increasing? What is the consequence of it? Who is responsible? What can be done about it? The main intent of development discourses from the beginning up until recently relays on finding solutions to such questions. At the same time, the success and failure of development discourses and praxis relate to the degree of successes in addressing the same challenges.
- Department
- Sociology
- Title
- Identifying visual-vestibular contributions during target-directed locomotion
- Author(s)
- Anthony N. Carlsen (author), Paul M. Kennedy (author), Ken G. Anderson (author), Erin K. Cressman (author), Paul Nagelkerke (author), Romeo Chua (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The purpose of this experiment was to examine the potential interaction between visual and vestibular inputs as participants walked towards 1 of 3 targets located on a barrier 5m away. Visual and vestibular inputs were perturbed with displacing prisms and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), respectively. For each target there were three vision conditions (no prisms, prisms left, and prisms right), and three GVS conditions (no GVS, anode left, and anode right). Participants were instructed to start with eyes closed, and to open the eyes at heel contact of the first step. GVS and target illumination were triggered by the first heel contact. This ensured that the upcoming visual condition and target were unknown and that both sensory perturbations occurred simultaneously. Lateral displacement was determined every 40 cm. Irrespective of target or direction, GVS or prism perturbation alone resulted in similar lateral deviations. When combined, the GVS and prism perturbations that had similar singular effects led to significantly larger deviations in the direction of the perturbations. The deviations were approximately equal to the sum of the single deviations indicating that the combined effects were additive. Conflicting GVS and prism perturbations led to significantly smaller deviations that were close to zero, indicating that opposite perturbations cancelled each other. These results show that when both visual and vestibular information remain important during task performance, the nervous system integrates the inputs equally.
- Department
- Sport Science
- Title
- Suicide ideation in different generations of immigrants
- Author(s)
- M. A. Kennedy (author), Karen K. Parhar (author), Joti Samra (author), Boris Gorzalka (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- Objective: To identify whether pressures associated with acculturation are related to suicide ideation. Method: We assessed 1135 undergraduates, using suicide measures and the Vancouver Index of Acculturation. Results and Conclusions: Suicide ideation, plans, and attempts did not vary by generation level or with mainstream acculturation for any of the ethnic groups studied (European, Chinese, and Indo-Asian), nor did they vary among ethnic groups. The results indicate that individuals who identified closely with their heritage culture were at an increased risk for suicidal thoughts but not for suicide plans or attempts.
- Subject(s)
- Immigrants--Suicidal behavior, Suicidal behavior--Risk factors, Suicide--Sociological aspects, Suicide--Anthropological aspects
- Department
- Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences
- Title
- Inhibition of return and response repetition within and between modalities
- Author(s)
- Alexa B. Roggeveen (author), David J. Prime (author), Lawrence M. Ward (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slower responding to stimuli at previously occupied spatial locations. IOR has been vigorously studied because of its possible deep involvement with attention mechanisms. Although IOR occurs both within and across modalities in several experimental paradigms for simple stimulus detection tasks, it has sometimes been difficult to demonstrate in perceptual discrimination tasks. In the preferred target–target paradigm, in which responses are made to a series of targets that vary in spatial location, failure to find IOR could possibly result from mixing of spatial IOR with the facilitating effects of stimulus and/or response repetition on discrimination response times. In this paper we report the first demonstration of auditory/auditory and cross-modality IOR in a target–target paradigm using a discrimination task. Our results show that IOR occurs in this task only on trials on which stimuli and responses are not repeated. These findings present a challenge to purely visual accounts of IOR and support the view that IOR arises within a more general, supra-modal mechanism of attention.
- Subject(s)
- Visual perception, Auditory perception, Attention, Inhibition, Neuropsychology
- Department
- Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences
- Title
- The impact of instability resistance training on balance and stability
- Author(s)
- Kenneth G. Anderson (author), David G. Behm (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The most predominant literature regarding balance has emphasised the physiological mechanisms controlling stability. Topics range from extrinsic factors (environment) to intrinsic factors (i.e. muscle coordination, vestibular response). Balance is achieved through an interaction of central anticipatory and reflexive actions as well as the active and passive restraints imposed by the muscular system. However, less research has attempted to document the effects of balance on performance measures (i.e. force, power). Furthermore, short- and long-term adaptations to unstable environments need more substantial research. While force and other performance measures can be adversely affected by a lack of balance, the transferability of instability training to activities of daily living and sport is not precisely known. The applicability of instability and resistance training using unstable platforms or implements may have strong relevance in a rehabilitative or athletic setting. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the literature in this area may possibly be of benefit to practitioners who deal with the general population, athletes or persons debilitated by balance and/or stability disabilities.
- Department
- Sport Science
- Title
- Terms of inclusion? Rejecting the role of 'honorary man' in the ivory tower
- Author(s)
- Alison M. Thomas (author), Rachel Hile Bassett (editor)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The chapter, "Terms of inclusion? Rejecting the role of 'honorary man' in the ivory tower" was written by Alison M. Thomas (Douglas College Faculty). Featuring many personal accounts, the twenty-four essays in this collection explore the challenges and possibilities confronting those, especially women, who combine parenting and academic work. Written by a diverse group of educators who present a real-world variety of situations, the collection also includes ideas for change at the individual, interpersonal, policy, and system levels.
- Department
- Sociology, Humanities and Social Sciences
- Title
- Relationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures
- Author(s)
- David G. Behm (author), Michael J. Wahl (author), Duane C. Button (author), Kevin E. Power (author), Kenneth G. Anderson (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between specific performance measures and hockey skating speed. Thirty competitive secondary school and junior hockey players were timed for skating speed. Off-ice measures included a 40-yd (36.9-m) sprint, concentric squat jump, drop jump, 1 repetition maximum leg press, flexibility, and balance ratio (wobble board test). Pearson product moment correlations were used to quantify the relationships between the variables. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the dominant vastus lateralis and biceps femoris was monitored in 12 of the players while skating, stopping, turning, and performing a change-of-direction drill. Significant correlations (p < 0.005) were found between skating performance and the sprint and balance tests. Further analysis demonstrated significant correlations between balance and players under the age of 19 years (r = -0.65) but not those over 19 years old (r = -0.28). The significant correlations with balance suggested that stability may be associated with skating speed in younger players. The low correlations with drop jumps suggested that short contact time stretch-shortening activities (i.e., low amplitude plyometrics) may not be an important factor. Electromyographic activities illustrated the very high activation levels associated with maximum skating speed. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR
- Department
- Sport Science
- Title
- The capacity to change and child and youth care practice: a program example and framework
- Author(s)
- Sonja Radmilovic (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- Child and youth care practitioners are in the practice of facilitating and supporting change in individuals, families and communities. Therefore, as change agents it is important to uncover and understand the perspectives that direct one’s practice. Personal and professional experiences, as well as a multitude of theoretical orientations, merge to create a child and youth care practitioner’s “tool box”. This article offers a brief foray into various change theories and provides examples of how these change theories direct and inform practice with youth and families at the Maples Adolescent Centre in British Columbia, Canada. This article suggests that systemic interventions are necessary to support enduring change in individuals and provides examples of how this is actualized with families and communities at the Maples Adolescent Centre. It concludes by advocating for the use of multiple theoretical orientations to direct child and youth care practitioners’ work as change agents.
- Subject(s)
- Child welfare, Children--Counseling of, Youth--Counseling of, Social work with children, Social work with youth, Child welfare workers, Youth workers
- Department
- Child and Youth Care, Child, Family and Community Studies
- Title
- T.H. Green on property rights
- Author(s)
- Darin R. Nesbitt (author), Don Carmichael (editor), [and others] (editor)
- Date
- 2005
- Department
- Political Science
- Title
- Preparing for winter: Divergence in the summer-autumn hematological profiles from representative species of the squirrel family
- Author(s)
- Jennifer M. Barker (author), Rudy Boonstra (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- We examined hematological parameters in four related sciurid species in the late summer–autumn to assess the role of habitat, elevation, body size, and behavior in shaping these parameters. Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) were sampled in southwestern Yukon, yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) in southern Alberta, and the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in southern Ontario. We obtained whole blood samples from each species and compared glucose levels, red blood cell characteristics (hematocrit, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), and white blood cell counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) across species. We found species differences in glucose and red blood cell characteristics that may be a function of activity levels, phylogeny, or elevation, but not of body size, body condition, or adaptations to a semi-fossorial habitat. We also found species differences in white blood cell counts that remain unexplained by any single simple explanation and may be more useful for comparison of individuals within a given species than for interspecies comparisons.
- Subject(s)
- Leucocytes, Blood cells, Ground squirrels, Erythrocytes
- Department
- Biology
- Title
- Eocene paleo-physiography and drainage directions, southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia
- Author(s)
- Selina Tribe (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- A map of reconstructed Eocene physiography and drainage directions is presented for the southern Interior Plateau region, British Columbia south of 53°N. Eocene landforms are inferred from the distribution and depositional paleoenvironment of Eocene rocks and from crosscutting relationships between regional-scale geomorphology and bedrock geology of known age. Eocene drainage directions are inferred from physiography, relief, and base level elevations of the sub-Eocene unconformity and the documented distribution, provenance, and paleocurrents of early Cenozoic fluvial sediments. The Eocene landscape of the southern Interior Plateau resembled its modern counterpart, with highlands, plains, and deeply incised drainages, except regional drainage was to the north. An anabranching valley system trending west and northwest from Quesnel and Shuswap Highlands, across the Cariboo Plateau to the Fraser River valley, contained north-flowing streams from Eocene to early Quaternary time. Other valleys dating back at least to Middle Eocene time include the North Thompson valley south of Clearwater, Thompson valley from Kamloops to Spences Bridge, the valley containing Nicola Lake, Bridge River valley, and Okanagan Lake valley. During the early Cenozoic, highlands existed where the Coast Mountains are today. Southward drainage along the modern Fraser, Chilcotin, and Thompson River valleys was established after the Late Miocene.
- Department
- Earth and Environmental Sciences
- Title
- Intraguild predation by the generalist predator Dicyphus herperus on the parasitoid Encarsia formosa
- Author(s)
- Robert R. McGregor (author), D. R. Gillespie (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- Predation was measured in the laboratory by Dicyphus hesperus females on patches of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) pupae. The patches contained different proportions of unparasitized pupae and those parastisized as nymphs by Encarsia formosa. Dicyphus hesperus fed readily on parasitized pupae and the number of parasitized pupae consumed increased with the proportion available indicating a capacity for intraguild predation. However, D. hesperus females did not display a preference for feeding on parasitized pupae versus unparasitized pupae. Dicyphus hesperus adults were released at three densities into greenhouse enclosures containing tomato plants harbouring greenhouse whitefly and immature E. formosa. Numbers of killed and parasitized whitefly nymphs and pupae and the total number of healthy whitefly were compared among Dicyphus density treatments. On upper leaves, the amount of predation on whitefly nymphs was higher at the highest predator density than at the lower density or in enclosures where D. hesperus was not released. On lower leaves, the number of parasitized pupae was lowest with the highest predator density indicating a negative effect of intraguild predation by D. hesperus on E. formosa. Despite this, Dicyphus density did not affect the density of whitefly in the presence of E. formosa. The results are discussed as they relate to concurrent use of D. hesperus and E. formosa for regulation of greenhouse whitefly populations. [Publishers abstract]
- Subject(s)
- Dicyphus hesperus, Encarsia formosa, Intraguild predation, Biological control, Generalist predator, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Miridae
- Department
- Biology
- Title
- North American Bird Strike Advisory System: Strategic Plan
- Author(s)
- Russell P. DeFusco (author), Michel J. Hovan (author), James T. Harper (author), Kurt A. Heppard (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
-
The Strategic Plan has been accepted for inclusion in 2009 Bird Strike North America Conference (11th Joint meeting of Bird Strike Committee USA & Canada, Victoria BC, Canada, 14-17 September 2009).
The international aviation community recognizes the high human and economic costs associated with bird strikes. Hundreds of lives and millions of dollars have been lost in recent years because of this problem. Notably, aviation experts in North America recognize the importance and availability of potential solutions for this problem. Several models and systems such and the USAF’s Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) and the Avian Hazard Advisory System (AHAS) as well as the technological development of advanced radar and communications systems have made great progress in addressing the problem of bird strikes. However, many have argued that further and much greater advancement could be made if the current fragmented and competitive efforts could be consolidated in a single cooperative venture. This strategic plan is the initial step in a process of consolidating and integrating the various United States and Canadian civil and military efforts in order to develop and implement North American Bird Strike Advisory System. The plan has been developed based on the collected wisdom and technical knowledge of the top personnel and organizations in the field of aviation safety. If implemented, the plan will represent a critical first step leading to the realization of a North American Bird Strike Advisory System that will help protect aviators and their equipment from the deadly and costly effects of bird hazards. The plan outlines the architecture of a notional bird strike advisory system for North America. It identifies the key agencies that must be involved in the development of the system. It establishes a top level schedule and identifies six key goals in developing an integrated system. The plan describes more detailed objectives and activities required to accomplish these goals. Recommendations are made regarding which agencies might most effectively take the lead in integrating various activities needed to accomplish each goal. It proposes a 5 year budget of approximately $16,000,000 in order to support the initial phases of the effort. The strategic plan and its appendices also outline in considerable detail the key technical challenges, risks, and suggested organizational and technological solutions for these problems. While reviewing this strategic plan, it’s important to remember that it is not a detailed blueprint for developing and implementing the final system. Rather, it is a starting point for an evolving project and system that can be continuously developed and improved as technology and organizational systems become more advanced. The relatively modest budget proposed is essentially a “down payment” for the more robust system that will evolve based on this initial consolidation and integration effort. The plan represents an important first step in moving beyond fragmented competitive approaches to consolidated and integrated system that will save hundreds of lives and prevent a great deal of economic loss associated with destroyed or damaged aircraft and equipment. The plan highlights the many advantages of an integrated and consolidated bird strike advisory system. One such advantage is the improvement in the accuracy and fidelity of bird avoidance information to users in the aviation community. Another advantage of the proposed system is the synergistic use of data from new and existing radar and other systems to enhance reporting on bird activity without compromising the current effectiveness of those systems. Throughout the plan, the development of a robust communications infrastructure and network is described to enhance the timeliness and scope of bird advisory information delivery.
- Department
- Biology
- Title
- A search for synergy: the child and youth care educated child protection worker
- Author(s)
- Robert M. Bates (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The field of child protection has a longstanding familiarity with the field of Social Work. However, in British Columbia’s Ministry for Children and Family Development the ranks of Child Protection Workers are swelling with professionals who have been educated in Child and Youth Care. Using the author’s personal experience, this article outlines the differences between Social Work and Child and Youth Care perspectives and further explores two of the many roles MCFD workers can assume within the MCFD. The article then offers insight to which role is accommodating of CYC hallmarks and which is not. The discussion then concludes with an examination of how CYC workers in the MCFD can advocate for the CYC perspective and profession within a Social Work dominated environment.
- Subject(s)
- Child welfare, Social work with children, Social work with youth, Child welfare workers, Youth workers, Professional education, Interprofessional education
- Department
- Child and Youth Care, Child, Family and Community Studies
- Title
- The cost of being an omnivore: Mandible wear from plant feeding in a true bug
- Author(s)
- Bernard D. Roitberg (author), David R. Gillespie (author), Donald M. J. Quiring (author), Colleen R. Alma (author), Wade H. Jenner (author), Jennifer Perry (author), Jason H. Peterson (author), Maxence Salomon (author), Sherah VanLaerhoven (author)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- Evolutionary and ecological transitions from carnivorous to omnivorous feeding may be constrained by the ability of the animal to cope with disparate types of foods, even if preadaptations for such behaviour exist. The omnivorous true bug, Dicyphus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) requires both animals (small, soft-bodied insects) and plants in its diet and obtains the majority of its dietary and metabolic water from plant feeding. Serrations on the lateral margins of the mandibular stylets wear with age, and this wear is exacerbated when the insects feed on plants compared to those provided free water and no plants. D. hesperus that feed on plants attack fewer prey but consumed similar amounts of prey tissue compared to individuals that were provided free water. Although others have shown mandible wear for plant-chewing animals we show for the first time that plant feeding can impose similar wear on plant-piercing animals as well.
- Department
- Biology
- Title
- 'The picturesqueness of his accent and speech': Methodist missionary narratives and William Henry Pierce's autobiography
- Author(s)
- Gail Edwards (author), Alvyn Austin (editor), Jamie S. Scott (editor)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The chapter, "'The picturesqueness of his accent and speech': Methodist missionary narratives and William Henry Pierce's autobiography" was written by Gail Edwards (Douglas College Faculty). Christian missions and missionaries have had a distinctive role in Canada's cultural history. With Canadian Missionaries, Indigenous Peoples, Alvyn Austin and Jamie S. Scott have brought together new and established Canadian scholars to examine the encounters between Christian (Roman Catholic and Protestant) missionaries and the indigenous peoples with whom they worked in nineteenth- and twentieth-century domestic and overseas missions. This tightly integrated collection is divided into three sections. The first contains essays on missionaries and converts in western Canada and in the arctic. The essays in the second section investigate various facets of the Canadian missionary presence and its legacy in east Asia, India, and Africa. The third section examines the motives and methods of missionaries as important contributors to Canadian museum holdings of artefacts from Huronia, Kahnawaga, and Alaska, as well as China and the South Pacific. Broadly adopting a postcolonial perspective, Canadian Missionaries, Indigenous Peoples contributes greatly to the understanding of missionaries not only as purveyors of western religious values, but also as vehicles for cultural exchange between Native and non-Native Canadians, as well as between Canadians and the indigenous peoples of other countries.
- Department
- History
- Title
- Online mental training using WebExcellence
- Author(s)
- Emma J. Stodel (author), Laura G. Farres (author), Colla J. MacDonald (author), Caroline Howard (editor), Judith V. Boettcher (editor), Lorraine Justice (editor), Karen D. Schenk (editor), Patricia L. Rogers (editor), Gary A. Berg (editor)
- Date
- 2005
- Abstract
- The chapter, "Online mental training using WebExcellence" was written by the listed authors including Laura G. Farres (Douglas College Faculty). The idea of providing mental training1 (MT) and sport psychology services online is becoming more prevalent as technology continues to shape education and the Web becomes more popular. In September 2000, an Internet search for “mental training” using the Google search engine identified 11,700 sites (Stodel & Farres, 2000a). An identical search in March 2004 revealed approximately 74,700 sites, representing an increase of almost 650%. Although a dynamic and fully interactive online MT environment does not yet appear to have been realised, it surely will not be long before this happens. In this chapter we highlight the importance of thoughtful design when developing such training and present a framework to guide the development of online MT.
- Department
- Sport Science