Portland: Case study
File
File
Case Study:
Portland
GEOG 2311-001
Amanda Q. and Sydney M.
Overview
● The Basics
● What are the
Issues?
● How are They Being
Addressed?
● Analysis
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m
4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
The Basics
City Population:
Textbook: 609,456[1]
Updated: 806,749[2]
(Net: +197,293)
Metropolitan Area:
Textbook: 376 km2[3]
Updated: the same4
Population Density:
Textbook: 1,621 people per square km[5]
Updated: 1,910 people per square km[6]
(Net: +289)
What are the issues?
●
●
●
Experiencing climate change7
○ Wildfires, air pollution, heat waves, poor water quality, etc
Reducing mental and physical health of citizens8
Recognized city was engaging in unsustainable living habits9
“Portland and Mt. Hood
from Pittock Mansion”
Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wik
i/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from
_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
How are the issues being addressed?
A. Land Use Strategies
● In the 1970s, set urban growth
boundaries10
● Encouraging densification
● Protected green spaces
●
●
●
●
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s
0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Forest Park
Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural
Area
○ 2,000 acres (8km2)[11]
○ One of the largest freshwater
wetlands in the U.S.[12]
Tryon Creek State Natural Area
○ 2.6km2[13]
○ Birds and small mammals[14]
Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge
○ 0.6km2[15]
○ Wetland, bank of Willamette
River
○ Abundance and diversity of
birds16
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Portland Streetcar
●
Operates three lines around a 16 mile track in
Portland's Central City17
●
●
Has been running since July 20, 200118
●
Over 15,000 rides each day of the week19
It is largest modern streetcar system in the United
States20
Portland Streetcar
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
Portland Streetcar Route
https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r
=195&r=194&r=193
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Multimodal Bridges
●
●
●
Tilikum Crossing
“Only bridge in the United States dedicated
to light rail, buses, bicycles, and pedestrians
only.” (p293)[21]
A second similar bridge is under way
(Blumenauer Bridge)
○ Allow for pedestrian and bike crossing
over the I-84[22]
Tilikum Crossing, The Willamette Light Bridge
https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
The Green Loop Project
●
●
●
●
Central City 2035 Plan23
6 mile linear park24
More than 50,000 new jobs25
Portland’s Central City is the
location of 60% of the city’s
affordable housing units26
Green Loop Project Map
https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Sustainable Energy Initiatives
●
Leader in energy efficient solutions27
●
PECI - Portland Energy Conservation Inc.
Founded in Portland, Oregon, in 197928
●
LEED-Certified Buildings (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design)
> started in 200029
“More LEED Platinum-certified buildings
than any other city in the US” (text
p293)30
●
●
Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-bui
ldings/
How are the issues being addressed?
C: Recycling/Garbage Pick-Up Programs
● Weekly composting pick-up service (2011)[31]
○ 2x amount collected
● Every-other week garbage pick up32
○ 35% decrease in amount to landfill33
● About 70% residential recycling rate34
○ Vancouver: 68%[35]
○ America: 32%[36]
Analysis
Strengths:
Good work but more needs be done:
Reduce, circulating & clean flows of material
● high recycle rate, spaced out garbage collecting,
high rates of composting, and looking at reducing
Compact & connected patterns of development
● Effective at reducing sprawl and connecting
certain parts of the city
● Needs to be more widespread (outside core)
A prominent place for nature
● developed about 250 different parks and green
spaces in the city with a connected system of trails37
Creative placemaking
● “engage residents and business in the
promotion of sustainable practices” (p295)[39]
People centred development
● “encourage thinking beyond first costs and
consideration of the long-term, cumulative impacts
of policy and financial decisions” (p295)[38]
Centres of well being
● Green Loop Project 2035
●
Green bond
Participatory governance
● Online public access to projects
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
We think that Portland is one of the frontrunners when it comes to
working towards having a sustainable city.
While it may not be 100% sustainable yet, the city is actively striving
towards sustainability and has been proactive in doing so for many
years now.
●
It is a city that is known for green initiatives
●
Portland actively reviews and adapts their climate action
plans, ensuring they keep progressing and incorporating
new technology and info as time goes on
Footnotes:
[1]
[2]
[3]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, Oregon,” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon.
[5]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[6]
World Population Review, “Portland, Oregon Population 2021,” Portland, Oregon Population 2021 (Demographics,
Maps, Graphs), accessed January 30, 2022, https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
[7]
Monica Samayoa, “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents,” OPB,
November 4, 2021,
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-r
esidents/.
[8]
Ibid
[9]
Government of Portland, “Innovative Wet Weather Program,” Accessed February 2, 2022,
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
[4]
Footnotes:
[10]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
[12]
Ibid
[13]
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
[14]
Ibid
[15]
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
[16]
Ibid
[11]
[17]
“Portland Streetcar,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/meet-streetcar
[18]
Ibid
Ibid
[20]
Ibid
[21]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[22]
The City of Portland, “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge,” Portland.gov, accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
[23]
The City of Portland, “About the Green Loop,” Portland.gov, accessed February 11, 2022.
[19]
https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Footnotes:
[24]
Ibid
Ibid
[26]
Ibid
[25]
[27]
“PECI,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://peci.org/
[28]
Ibid
[29]
“Oregon Green Energy Guide,” accessed February 5, 2022.
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
[30]
[31]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Ibid
[34]
Ibid
[35]
Statista, “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018,” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
[36]
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “America Recycles Day,” EPA, December 1, 2021,
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
[37]
“Green City: Portland,” Green City Times, accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
[32]
[33]
[38]
[39]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Bibliography:
“Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building” Oregon Green Energy Guide. Accessed February 13, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
Government of Portland. “Innovative Wet Weather Program.” Accessed February 2, 2022.
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
“Green City: Portland.” Green City Times. Accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
“Green Loop Project Map.” Accessed February 10, 2022. https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
“Green Loop Project.”About the Green Loop. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Official Guide to Portland. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.travelportland.com/plan/max-light-rail/
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
“Oregon Green Energy Guide.” LEED-Certified Buildings. Accessed February 5, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
“PECI.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://peci.org/
“Portland and Mt. Hood from Pittock Mansion.” Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia. Accessed February 14, 20221.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
“Portland, Oregon.” Google Maps. Google, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@36.9902064,-111.2931781,3.76z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d
18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853
Bibliography:
“Portland, Oregon.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon
“Portland Streetcar Route,” Google Maps. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r=195&r=194&r=193 “Portland
Streetcar,” Photo + Video. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
Samayoa, Monica. “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents.” OPB, November 4, 2021.
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-residents/
Statista. “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018.” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
The City of Portland. “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge.” Portland.gov. Accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
Bibliography:
The City of Portland, Oregon. “Bicycles in Portland Fact Sheet.” Bicycle Resources RSS, April 23,
2019. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/407660
The Willamette Light Bridge. “Tilikum Crossing.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
The Worldwatch Institute. Can a City Be Sustainable?. Washington: Island Press, 2016. Travel Portland.TriMet. “Tilikum Crossing.” Accessed
January
30, 2022. https://trimet.org/tilikum/
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
United States Environmental Protection Agency. “America Recycles Day.” EPA, December 1, 2021.
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
World Population Review. “Portland, Oregon Population 2021.” Portland, Oregon Population 2021
(Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Accessed January 30, 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
Portland
GEOG 2311-001
Amanda Q. and Sydney M.
Overview
● The Basics
● What are the
Issues?
● How are They Being
Addressed?
● Analysis
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m
4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
The Basics
City Population:
Textbook: 609,456[1]
Updated: 806,749[2]
(Net: +197,293)
Metropolitan Area:
Textbook: 376 km2[3]
Updated: the same4
Population Density:
Textbook: 1,621 people per square km[5]
Updated: 1,910 people per square km[6]
(Net: +289)
What are the issues?
●
●
●
Experiencing climate change7
○ Wildfires, air pollution, heat waves, poor water quality, etc
Reducing mental and physical health of citizens8
Recognized city was engaging in unsustainable living habits9
“Portland and Mt. Hood
from Pittock Mansion”
Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wik
i/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from
_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
How are the issues being addressed?
A. Land Use Strategies
● In the 1970s, set urban growth
boundaries10
● Encouraging densification
● Protected green spaces
●
●
●
●
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s
0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Forest Park
Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural
Area
○ 2,000 acres (8km2)[11]
○ One of the largest freshwater
wetlands in the U.S.[12]
Tryon Creek State Natural Area
○ 2.6km2[13]
○ Birds and small mammals[14]
Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge
○ 0.6km2[15]
○ Wetland, bank of Willamette
River
○ Abundance and diversity of
birds16
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Portland Streetcar
●
Operates three lines around a 16 mile track in
Portland's Central City17
●
●
Has been running since July 20, 200118
●
Over 15,000 rides each day of the week19
It is largest modern streetcar system in the United
States20
Portland Streetcar
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
Portland Streetcar Route
https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r
=195&r=194&r=193
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Multimodal Bridges
●
●
●
Tilikum Crossing
“Only bridge in the United States dedicated
to light rail, buses, bicycles, and pedestrians
only.” (p293)[21]
A second similar bridge is under way
(Blumenauer Bridge)
○ Allow for pedestrian and bike crossing
over the I-84[22]
Tilikum Crossing, The Willamette Light Bridge
https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
The Green Loop Project
●
●
●
●
Central City 2035 Plan23
6 mile linear park24
More than 50,000 new jobs25
Portland’s Central City is the
location of 60% of the city’s
affordable housing units26
Green Loop Project Map
https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Sustainable Energy Initiatives
●
Leader in energy efficient solutions27
●
PECI - Portland Energy Conservation Inc.
Founded in Portland, Oregon, in 197928
●
LEED-Certified Buildings (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design)
> started in 200029
“More LEED Platinum-certified buildings
than any other city in the US” (text
p293)30
●
●
Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-bui
ldings/
How are the issues being addressed?
C: Recycling/Garbage Pick-Up Programs
● Weekly composting pick-up service (2011)[31]
○ 2x amount collected
● Every-other week garbage pick up32
○ 35% decrease in amount to landfill33
● About 70% residential recycling rate34
○ Vancouver: 68%[35]
○ America: 32%[36]
Analysis
Strengths:
Good work but more needs be done:
Reduce, circulating & clean flows of material
● high recycle rate, spaced out garbage collecting,
high rates of composting, and looking at reducing
Compact & connected patterns of development
● Effective at reducing sprawl and connecting
certain parts of the city
● Needs to be more widespread (outside core)
A prominent place for nature
● developed about 250 different parks and green
spaces in the city with a connected system of trails37
Creative placemaking
● “engage residents and business in the
promotion of sustainable practices” (p295)[39]
People centred development
● “encourage thinking beyond first costs and
consideration of the long-term, cumulative impacts
of policy and financial decisions” (p295)[38]
Centres of well being
● Green Loop Project 2035
●
Green bond
Participatory governance
● Online public access to projects
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
We think that Portland is one of the frontrunners when it comes to
working towards having a sustainable city.
While it may not be 100% sustainable yet, the city is actively striving
towards sustainability and has been proactive in doing so for many
years now.
●
It is a city that is known for green initiatives
●
Portland actively reviews and adapts their climate action
plans, ensuring they keep progressing and incorporating
new technology and info as time goes on
Footnotes:
[1]
[2]
[3]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, Oregon,” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon.
[5]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[6]
World Population Review, “Portland, Oregon Population 2021,” Portland, Oregon Population 2021 (Demographics,
Maps, Graphs), accessed January 30, 2022, https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
[7]
Monica Samayoa, “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents,” OPB,
November 4, 2021,
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-r
esidents/.
[8]
Ibid
[9]
Government of Portland, “Innovative Wet Weather Program,” Accessed February 2, 2022,
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
[4]
Footnotes:
[10]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
[12]
Ibid
[13]
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
[14]
Ibid
[15]
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
[16]
Ibid
[11]
[17]
“Portland Streetcar,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/meet-streetcar
[18]
Ibid
Ibid
[20]
Ibid
[21]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[22]
The City of Portland, “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge,” Portland.gov, accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
[23]
The City of Portland, “About the Green Loop,” Portland.gov, accessed February 11, 2022.
[19]
https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Footnotes:
[24]
Ibid
Ibid
[26]
Ibid
[25]
[27]
“PECI,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://peci.org/
[28]
Ibid
[29]
“Oregon Green Energy Guide,” accessed February 5, 2022.
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
[30]
[31]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Ibid
[34]
Ibid
[35]
Statista, “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018,” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
[36]
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “America Recycles Day,” EPA, December 1, 2021,
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
[37]
“Green City: Portland,” Green City Times, accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
[32]
[33]
[38]
[39]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Bibliography:
“Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building” Oregon Green Energy Guide. Accessed February 13, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
Government of Portland. “Innovative Wet Weather Program.” Accessed February 2, 2022.
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
“Green City: Portland.” Green City Times. Accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
“Green Loop Project Map.” Accessed February 10, 2022. https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
“Green Loop Project.”About the Green Loop. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Official Guide to Portland. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.travelportland.com/plan/max-light-rail/
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
“Oregon Green Energy Guide.” LEED-Certified Buildings. Accessed February 5, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
“PECI.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://peci.org/
“Portland and Mt. Hood from Pittock Mansion.” Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia. Accessed February 14, 20221.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
“Portland, Oregon.” Google Maps. Google, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@36.9902064,-111.2931781,3.76z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d
18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853
Bibliography:
“Portland, Oregon.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon
“Portland Streetcar Route,” Google Maps. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r=195&r=194&r=193 “Portland
Streetcar,” Photo + Video. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
Samayoa, Monica. “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents.” OPB, November 4, 2021.
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-residents/
Statista. “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018.” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
The City of Portland. “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge.” Portland.gov. Accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
Bibliography:
The City of Portland, Oregon. “Bicycles in Portland Fact Sheet.” Bicycle Resources RSS, April 23,
2019. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/407660
The Willamette Light Bridge. “Tilikum Crossing.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
The Worldwatch Institute. Can a City Be Sustainable?. Washington: Island Press, 2016. Travel Portland.TriMet. “Tilikum Crossing.” Accessed
January
30, 2022. https://trimet.org/tilikum/
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
United States Environmental Protection Agency. “America Recycles Day.” EPA, December 1, 2021.
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
World Population Review. “Portland, Oregon Population 2021.” Portland, Oregon Population 2021
(Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Accessed January 30, 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
Edited Text
Case Study:
Portland
GEOG 2311-001
Amanda Q. and Sydney M.
Overview
● The Basics
● What are the
Issues?
● How are They Being
Addressed?
● Analysis
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m
4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
The Basics
City Population:
Textbook: 609,456[1]
Updated: 806,749[2]
(Net: +197,293)
Metropolitan Area:
Textbook: 376 km2[3]
Updated: the same4
Population Density:
Textbook: 1,621 people per square km[5]
Updated: 1,910 people per square km[6]
(Net: +289)
What are the issues?
●
●
●
Experiencing climate change7
○ Wildfires, air pollution, heat waves, poor water quality, etc
Reducing mental and physical health of citizens8
Recognized city was engaging in unsustainable living habits9
“Portland and Mt. Hood
from Pittock Mansion”
Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wik
i/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from
_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
How are the issues being addressed?
A. Land Use Strategies
● In the 1970s, set urban growth
boundaries10
● Encouraging densification
● Protected green spaces
●
●
●
●
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s
0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Forest Park
Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural
Area
○ 2,000 acres (8km2)[11]
○ One of the largest freshwater
wetlands in the U.S.[12]
Tryon Creek State Natural Area
○ 2.6km2[13]
○ Birds and small mammals[14]
Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge
○ 0.6km2[15]
○ Wetland, bank of Willamette
River
○ Abundance and diversity of
birds16
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Portland Streetcar
●
Operates three lines around a 16 mile track in
Portland's Central City17
●
●
Has been running since July 20, 200118
●
Over 15,000 rides each day of the week19
It is largest modern streetcar system in the United
States20
Portland Streetcar
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
Portland Streetcar Route
https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r
=195&r=194&r=193
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Multimodal Bridges
●
●
●
Tilikum Crossing
“Only bridge in the United States dedicated
to light rail, buses, bicycles, and pedestrians
only.” (p293)[21]
A second similar bridge is under way
(Blumenauer Bridge)
○ Allow for pedestrian and bike crossing
over the I-84[22]
Tilikum Crossing, The Willamette Light Bridge
https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
The Green Loop Project
●
●
●
●
Central City 2035 Plan23
6 mile linear park24
More than 50,000 new jobs25
Portland’s Central City is the
location of 60% of the city’s
affordable housing units26
Green Loop Project Map
https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Sustainable Energy Initiatives
●
Leader in energy efficient solutions27
●
PECI - Portland Energy Conservation Inc.
Founded in Portland, Oregon, in 197928
●
LEED-Certified Buildings (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design)
> started in 200029
“More LEED Platinum-certified buildings
than any other city in the US” (text
p293)30
●
●
Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-bui
ldings/
How are the issues being addressed?
C: Recycling/Garbage Pick-Up Programs
● Weekly composting pick-up service (2011)[31]
○ 2x amount collected
● Every-other week garbage pick up32
○ 35% decrease in amount to landfill33
● About 70% residential recycling rate34
○ Vancouver: 68%[35]
○ America: 32%[36]
Analysis
Strengths:
Good work but more needs be done:
Reduce, circulating & clean flows of material
● high recycle rate, spaced out garbage collecting,
high rates of composting, and looking at reducing
Compact & connected patterns of development
● Effective at reducing sprawl and connecting
certain parts of the city
● Needs to be more widespread (outside core)
A prominent place for nature
● developed about 250 different parks and green
spaces in the city with a connected system of trails37
Creative placemaking
● “engage residents and business in the
promotion of sustainable practices” (p295)[39]
People centred development
● “encourage thinking beyond first costs and
consideration of the long-term, cumulative impacts
of policy and financial decisions” (p295)[38]
Centres of well being
● Green Loop Project 2035
●
Green bond
Participatory governance
● Online public access to projects
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
We think that Portland is one of the frontrunners when it comes to
working towards having a sustainable city.
While it may not be 100% sustainable yet, the city is actively striving
towards sustainability and has been proactive in doing so for many
years now.
●
It is a city that is known for green initiatives
●
Portland actively reviews and adapts their climate action
plans, ensuring they keep progressing and incorporating
new technology and info as time goes on
Footnotes:
[1]
[2]
[3]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, Oregon,” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon.
[5]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[6]
World Population Review, “Portland, Oregon Population 2021,” Portland, Oregon Population 2021 (Demographics,
Maps, Graphs), accessed January 30, 2022, https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
[7]
Monica Samayoa, “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents,” OPB,
November 4, 2021,
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-r
esidents/.
[8]
Ibid
[9]
Government of Portland, “Innovative Wet Weather Program,” Accessed February 2, 2022,
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
[4]
Footnotes:
[10]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
[12]
Ibid
[13]
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
[14]
Ibid
[15]
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
[16]
Ibid
[11]
[17]
“Portland Streetcar,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/meet-streetcar
[18]
Ibid
Ibid
[20]
Ibid
[21]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[22]
The City of Portland, “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge,” Portland.gov, accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
[23]
The City of Portland, “About the Green Loop,” Portland.gov, accessed February 11, 2022.
[19]
https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Footnotes:
[24]
Ibid
Ibid
[26]
Ibid
[25]
[27]
“PECI,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://peci.org/
[28]
Ibid
[29]
“Oregon Green Energy Guide,” accessed February 5, 2022.
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
[30]
[31]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Ibid
[34]
Ibid
[35]
Statista, “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018,” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
[36]
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “America Recycles Day,” EPA, December 1, 2021,
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
[37]
“Green City: Portland,” Green City Times, accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
[32]
[33]
[38]
[39]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Bibliography:
“Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building” Oregon Green Energy Guide. Accessed February 13, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
Government of Portland. “Innovative Wet Weather Program.” Accessed February 2, 2022.
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
“Green City: Portland.” Green City Times. Accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
“Green Loop Project Map.” Accessed February 10, 2022. https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
“Green Loop Project.”About the Green Loop. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Official Guide to Portland. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.travelportland.com/plan/max-light-rail/
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
“Oregon Green Energy Guide.” LEED-Certified Buildings. Accessed February 5, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
“PECI.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://peci.org/
“Portland and Mt. Hood from Pittock Mansion.” Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia. Accessed February 14, 20221.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
“Portland, Oregon.” Google Maps. Google, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@36.9902064,-111.2931781,3.76z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d
18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853
Bibliography:
“Portland, Oregon.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon
“Portland Streetcar Route,” Google Maps. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r=195&r=194&r=193 “Portland
Streetcar,” Photo + Video. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
Samayoa, Monica. “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents.” OPB, November 4, 2021.
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-residents/
Statista. “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018.” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
The City of Portland. “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge.” Portland.gov. Accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
Bibliography:
The City of Portland, Oregon. “Bicycles in Portland Fact Sheet.” Bicycle Resources RSS, April 23,
2019. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/407660
The Willamette Light Bridge. “Tilikum Crossing.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
The Worldwatch Institute. Can a City Be Sustainable?. Washington: Island Press, 2016. Travel Portland.TriMet. “Tilikum Crossing.” Accessed
January
30, 2022. https://trimet.org/tilikum/
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
United States Environmental Protection Agency. “America Recycles Day.” EPA, December 1, 2021.
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
World Population Review. “Portland, Oregon Population 2021.” Portland, Oregon Population 2021
(Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Accessed January 30, 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
Portland
GEOG 2311-001
Amanda Q. and Sydney M.
Overview
● The Basics
● What are the
Issues?
● How are They Being
Addressed?
● Analysis
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m
4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
The Basics
City Population:
Textbook: 609,456[1]
Updated: 806,749[2]
(Net: +197,293)
Metropolitan Area:
Textbook: 376 km2[3]
Updated: the same4
Population Density:
Textbook: 1,621 people per square km[5]
Updated: 1,910 people per square km[6]
(Net: +289)
What are the issues?
●
●
●
Experiencing climate change7
○ Wildfires, air pollution, heat waves, poor water quality, etc
Reducing mental and physical health of citizens8
Recognized city was engaging in unsustainable living habits9
“Portland and Mt. Hood
from Pittock Mansion”
Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wik
i/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from
_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
How are the issues being addressed?
A. Land Use Strategies
● In the 1970s, set urban growth
boundaries10
● Encouraging densification
● Protected green spaces
●
●
●
●
“Portland, Oregon” Google Maps
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@45.5234418,-122.7556941,11.06z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s
0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853?hl=en
Forest Park
Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural
Area
○ 2,000 acres (8km2)[11]
○ One of the largest freshwater
wetlands in the U.S.[12]
Tryon Creek State Natural Area
○ 2.6km2[13]
○ Birds and small mammals[14]
Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge
○ 0.6km2[15]
○ Wetland, bank of Willamette
River
○ Abundance and diversity of
birds16
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Portland Streetcar
●
Operates three lines around a 16 mile track in
Portland's Central City17
●
●
Has been running since July 20, 200118
●
Over 15,000 rides each day of the week19
It is largest modern streetcar system in the United
States20
Portland Streetcar
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
Portland Streetcar Route
https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r
=195&r=194&r=193
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Multimodal Bridges
●
●
●
Tilikum Crossing
“Only bridge in the United States dedicated
to light rail, buses, bicycles, and pedestrians
only.” (p293)[21]
A second similar bridge is under way
(Blumenauer Bridge)
○ Allow for pedestrian and bike crossing
over the I-84[22]
Tilikum Crossing, The Willamette Light Bridge
https://www.lightthebridges.org/bridges/tilikum-crossing/
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
The Green Loop Project
●
●
●
●
Central City 2035 Plan23
6 mile linear park24
More than 50,000 new jobs25
Portland’s Central City is the
location of 60% of the city’s
affordable housing units26
Green Loop Project Map
https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
How are the issues being addressed?
B. Reducing Carbon Emissions
Sustainable Energy Initiatives
●
Leader in energy efficient solutions27
●
PECI - Portland Energy Conservation Inc.
Founded in Portland, Oregon, in 197928
●
LEED-Certified Buildings (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design)
> started in 200029
“More LEED Platinum-certified buildings
than any other city in the US” (text
p293)30
●
●
Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-bui
ldings/
How are the issues being addressed?
C: Recycling/Garbage Pick-Up Programs
● Weekly composting pick-up service (2011)[31]
○ 2x amount collected
● Every-other week garbage pick up32
○ 35% decrease in amount to landfill33
● About 70% residential recycling rate34
○ Vancouver: 68%[35]
○ America: 32%[36]
Analysis
Strengths:
Good work but more needs be done:
Reduce, circulating & clean flows of material
● high recycle rate, spaced out garbage collecting,
high rates of composting, and looking at reducing
Compact & connected patterns of development
● Effective at reducing sprawl and connecting
certain parts of the city
● Needs to be more widespread (outside core)
A prominent place for nature
● developed about 250 different parks and green
spaces in the city with a connected system of trails37
Creative placemaking
● “engage residents and business in the
promotion of sustainable practices” (p295)[39]
People centred development
● “encourage thinking beyond first costs and
consideration of the long-term, cumulative impacts
of policy and financial decisions” (p295)[38]
Centres of well being
● Green Loop Project 2035
●
Green bond
Participatory governance
● Online public access to projects
Is Portland a Sustainable City?
We think that Portland is one of the frontrunners when it comes to
working towards having a sustainable city.
While it may not be 100% sustainable yet, the city is actively striving
towards sustainability and has been proactive in doing so for many
years now.
●
It is a city that is known for green initiatives
●
Portland actively reviews and adapts their climate action
plans, ensuring they keep progressing and incorporating
new technology and info as time goes on
Footnotes:
[1]
[2]
[3]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Portland, Oregon,” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon.
[5]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[6]
World Population Review, “Portland, Oregon Population 2021,” Portland, Oregon Population 2021 (Demographics,
Maps, Graphs), accessed January 30, 2022, https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/portland-or-population.
[7]
Monica Samayoa, “Report: Climate Change Is Making Health Problems Worse for Portland Area Residents,” OPB,
November 4, 2021,
https://www.opb.org/article/2021/11/04/report-climate-change-is-making-health-problems-worse-for-portland-area-r
esidents/.
[8]
Ibid
[9]
Government of Portland, “Innovative Wet Weather Program,” Accessed February 2, 2022,
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
[4]
Footnotes:
[10]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
“Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_and_Bybee_Wetlands_Natural_Area
[12]
Ibid
[13]
“Tryon Creek Natural State Area,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryon_Creek_State_Natural_Area
[14]
Ibid
[15]
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge,” Wikepedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
[16]
Ibid
[11]
[17]
“Portland Streetcar,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/meet-streetcar
[18]
Ibid
Ibid
[20]
Ibid
[21]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
[22]
The City of Portland, “Congressman Earl Blumenauer Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge,” Portland.gov, accessed February 16, 2022.
https://www.portland.gov/transportation/pbot-projects/construction/congressman-earl-blumenauer-bicycle-and-pedestrian-bridge
[23]
The City of Portland, “About the Green Loop,” Portland.gov, accessed February 11, 2022.
[19]
https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Footnotes:
[24]
Ibid
Ibid
[26]
Ibid
[25]
[27]
“PECI,” accessed February 14, 2022.
https://peci.org/
[28]
Ibid
[29]
“Oregon Green Energy Guide,” accessed February 5, 2022.
https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
[30]
[31]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Ibid
[34]
Ibid
[35]
Statista, “Vancouver’s Recycling Rate from 2000-2018,” Statista, April 22, 2020.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111871/rate-of-recycling-vancouver-canada/
[36]
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “America Recycles Day,” EPA, December 1, 2021,
https://www.epa.gov/recyclingstrategy/america-recycles-day
[37]
“Green City: Portland,” Green City Times, accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
[32]
[33]
[38]
[39]
The Worldwatch Institute, Can a City Be Sustainable? (Washington: Island Press, 2016)
Ibid
Bibliography:
“Edith Green Wendell Wyatt Building” Oregon Green Energy Guide. Accessed February 13, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
Government of Portland. “Innovative Wet Weather Program.” Accessed February 2, 2022.
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/62177
“Green City: Portland.” Green City Times. Accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.greencitytimes.com/portland/
“Green Loop Project Map.” Accessed February 10, 2022. https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/greenloop/#map
“Green Loop Project.”About the Green Loop. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.portland.gov/bps/green-loop/about
Official Guide to Portland. Accessed January 30, 2022. https://www.travelportland.com/plan/max-light-rail/
“Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed February 14, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaks_Bottom_Wildlife_Refuge
“Oregon Green Energy Guide.” LEED-Certified Buildings. Accessed February 5, 2022. https://portlandgreenenergy.wordpress.com/green-buildings/
“PECI.” Accessed February 14, 2022. https://peci.org/
“Portland and Mt. Hood from Pittock Mansion.” Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia. Accessed February 14, 20221.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portland_and_Mt._Hood_from_Pittock_Mansion.jpg
“Portland, Oregon.” Google Maps. Google, accessed February 14, 2022.
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Portland,+OR,+USA/@36.9902064,-111.2931781,3.76z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x54950b0b7da97427:0x1c36b9e6f6d
18591!8m2!3d45.515232!4d-122.6783853
Bibliography:
“Portland, Oregon.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, accessed January 30, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon
“Portland Streetcar Route,” Google Maps. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://retro.umoiq.com/googleMap/?a=portland-sc&r=195&r=194&r=193 “Portland
Streetcar,” Photo + Video. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://portlandstreetcar.org/about-us/media/photos
“Portland, United States,” C40 Cities, accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.c40.org/cities/portland/
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